The EU regulation has identified the independent aggregator, who is not affiliated to the customer’s supplier. However, the independent aggregator has not been fully implemented yet. There are existing aggregator services, but the challenges arise on how to accommodate diverse solutions from aggregator to support TSO-DSO coordination and enhance active customer participation.

This work investigated how aggregators can improve the TSO-DSO-Customer coordination in a digitalised power system by analysing existing policies, their role, possible coordination approaches, and addressing (non-) technical challenges.

FlexPlan created a new innovative grid-planning tool whose ambition is to go beyond the state of the art of planning methodologies by including the following innovative features:

• assessment of the best planning strategy by analysing in one shot a high number of candidate expansion options provided by a pre-processor tool,
• simultaneous mid- and long-term planning assessment over three grid years (2030, 2040, 2050),
• incorporation of a full range of cost–benefit analysis criteria into the target function,
• integrated transmission and distribution planning,
• embedded environmental analysis (air quality, carbon footprint, landscape constraints),
• probabilistic contingency methodologies in replacement of the traditional N-1 criterion,
• application of numerical decomposition techniques to reduce calculation efforts,
• analysis of variability of yearly renewable energy sources (RES) and load time series through a stochastic optimization approach.

Six regional cases covering nearly the whole European continent were developed in order to cast a view on grid planning in Europe till 2050.

FlexPlan ended up by formulating guidelines for regulators and planning offices of system operators by indicating to what extent system flexibility can contribute to the reduction of overall system costs (operational + investment) yet maintaining current system security levels and which regulatory provisions could foster such process.

After presenting a short overview of the project motivation and goals, the present report concentrates on the final regulatory reflections and the elaboration of the final regulatory guidelines.

Each country offers a wide choice of different legal forms of organizations for a newly created energy community entity, which leads to a wildly grown landscape. They are actually generally limited to a certain redistribution of cash flow. Their upgrade to fully integrated supporting the demand response process in distribution and transmission levels will require solid organization forms and business cases. In the technical aspect, remarkable scientific works are being done to improve the load matching of individual customers and at the community level. However, none of these studies considers the grid, constraints, challenges, and coordinated operation, so the solutions are not directly practicable on a large scale.

This paper first gives a brief overview of energy communities developments, followed by an analysis of the impact of large-scale implementation of energy communities on the power grids. This is pursued by discussing economic processing in the power industry and business organization, as both are crucial for promoting viable energy communities. The paper finalizes conclusions and recommendations on innovation and research activities.